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--- transportation:space [2026/09/03 00:09] – [Solar Storm] timb
+++ transportation:space [2026/11/10 21:02] (current) – [Neptune] timb
@@ Line 965: / Line 965: @@
 https://www.theregister.com/2024/11/06/arecibo_telescope_failure_analysis/
+== Zinc creep in the cable spelter sockets brought down the 57 year old Arecibo telescope in 2020, a failure sequence that began with Hurricane Maria three years earlier and the first documented case of long term zinc creep in over a century of use. ==
+Make Tech Easier Editorial - Oct 30, 2026
+Long-term zinc creep in the cable spelter sockets was the root cause of the 2020 collapse of the National Science Foundation’s 57-year-old telescope at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, according to a report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, which also draws lessons learned for other unique, critical science facilities.
+The failure sequence began with Hurricane Maria, over three years before the collapse, the report says.
+The telescope’s main platform hung over the 305-metre reflector dish on a set of cables. Each cable ended in a socket filled with zinc, and the zinc held the cable in place. The report says the zinc gradually lost its hold on the cables and allowed several of them to pull out. The platform then fell into the reflector.
+https://maketecheasier.com/arecibo-zinc-creep-collapse/
 ===== Balloon (Space) =====
@@ Line 1618: / Line 1634: @@
 https://gizmodo.com/this-star-orbits-so-close-to-our-galaxys-black-hole-that-spacetime-twists-around-it-2000800284
+== Black Holes or Black Hole Stars? Astronomers Spar Over Webb Telescope’s ‘Little Red Dots.’ ==
+The James Webb Space Telescope spots mysterious “little red dots” everywhere. A bold new theory suggests they’re suns dozens of times larger than our entire solar system.
+Charlie Wood - September 14, 2026
+Astronomers built the James Webb Space Telescope to pick up faint light from the first billion years after the Big Bang, a chaotic era when vast swaths of hydrogen and helium gas gathered into the chains of galaxies we see today. Even in the telescope’s first images (opens a new tab), astronomers could see a whole zoo of mysterious smears of light.
+One batch of objects proved especially difficult to interpret. They glowed blindingly bright, emitting red light with long wavelengths and shining as brilliantly as a whole galaxy. They were tiny, spanning just a pixel. And they were everywhere. A couple appear in almost every image Webb takes. In 2023, researchers started calling them “little red dots (opens a new tab).” Astronomers have repeatedly pointed Webb toward the little red dots, wringing precious new information from these pixels of light.
+Initially, researchers thought the dots looked kind of like galaxies. Later, they concluded that little red dots look more like the supermassive black holes that sit at the heart of most galaxies. These monstrous masses are themselves dark, but their formidable gravity violently vacuums up gas and other nearby matter, generating rings of hot, swirling detritus that completely outshine the stars around them.
+Then, in the spring of 2025, two teams of astronomers simultaneously announced observations of a pair of little red dots that were unlike all the rest. In fact, they were unlike any object ever seen.
+“In all the millions of [observations] we’ve taken with ground-based telescopes,” said Anna de Graaff (opens a new tab), a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Heidelberg, Germany, and head of one group, “there’s nothing that looks like these sources.”
+https://www.quantamagazine.org/black-holes-or-black-hole-stars-astronomers-spar-over-webb-telescopes-little-red-dots-20260914/
@@ Line 3381: / Line 3417: @@
 https://gizmodo.com/trump-repeatedly-tried-to-cancel-the-roman-space-telescope-now-hes-praising-its-launch-2000804954
+== The Roman telescope has enough gas for 22 years, double NASA’s expectations ==
+The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope is the first NASA observatory designed for in-space refueling.
+Stephen Clark – Sep 15, 2026 3:26 PM
+NASA’s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope is gliding toward its distant observation post on a pinpoint trajectory so precise that engineers estimate the spacecraft’s fuel load will last twice as long as their initial expectations, the space agency confirmed Monday.
+The $4.3 billion observatory’s designers originally planned to load enough propellant into Roman’s four fuel tanks for a minimum lifetime of five years, plus a potential five-year mission extension. That was a conservative estimate. NASA officials knew an on-target launch and perfect execution of the observatory’s first post-launch course correction maneuver would leave Roman with a hearty fuel reserve.
+“As a result of exquisite planning by our orbital dynamics team, brilliant execution by the operations team, and a precise launch from SpaceX, Roman has fuel for at least 22 years of potential science operations,” Jamie Dunn, center director at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, said in a press release.
+The James Webb Space Telescope received a similar lifetime boost after a picture-perfect launch on a European Ariane 5 rocket in 2021.
+The Roman telescope launched August 30 from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket, kicking off a mission to widen our view of the Universe. Roman’s telescope and scientific instruments will provide astronomers with images of the sky at the same resolution as NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, but with 100 times the field of view. It would take Hubble a century to observe what Roman will see in a month.
+https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/09/the-roman-telescope-has-enough-gas-for-22-years-double-nasas-expectations/
@@ Line 6295: / Line 6349: @@
 https://www.engadget.com/science/space/webb-telescope-images-an-aging-binary-star-system-in-the-center-of-a-four-layered-cosmic-dust-shell-140000485.html
+== Software squeezes more data out of Webb Telescope for imaging exoplanets ==
+Software optimizes a physical model of the telescope to reduce noise.
+John Timmer – Nov 5, 2026 11:59 AM
+With a huge and still-growing catalog of exoplanets, researchers are eager to take the next steps: trying to infer what conditions are like on them, either by imaging them directly or by capturing the light that has passed through their atmosphere. Both are substantial challenges, given the presence of stars that are far, far brighter than light that has come to us via the planet.
+While telescopes can be fitted with devices called coronagraphs that block out much of a star’s light, there are limits to their effectiveness, caused by noise from subtle variations in the telescope’s configuration and pointing between observations. Now, researchers have developed a new software package that optimizes a physical model of the telescope in a way that allows us to better model these differences, producing low-noise imaging of exoplanets.
+https://arstechnica.com/science/2026/11/getting-software-to-help-block-out-a-star-so-we-can-see-exoplanets/
@@ Line 6652: / Line 6718: @@
 https://gizmodo.com/webb-telescope-just-did-something-its-never-done-before-and-astronomers-are-thrilled-2000620073
+== I think I found a planet nobody knew existed. I used Claude Code to find it. ==
+u/This_Cell_1829 - 6 October 2026
+Built with Claude
+Last month I was going through data from NASA's TESS telescope with Claude Code when one star started looking weird.
+r/ClaudeAI - I think I found a planet nobody knew existed. I used Claude Code to find it.
+It's about 116 light-years away, and every 3.18 days it gets about 0.05% dimmer for roughly two hours.
+I first saw it in data from late 2025. So I went backwards.
+The same dip is there in completely separate TESS observations from 2020.
+Then 2018.
+If it's a planet, it's about 1.4× the size of Earth.
+To be clear: this is still a planet candidate, not a confirmed planet.
+https://www.reddit.com/r/ClaudeAI/comments/1wzw8zd/i_think_i_found_a_planet_nobody_knew_existed_i/
@@ Line 8285: / Line 8375: @@
 https://arstechnica.com/science/2026/06/planet-orbits-so-close-to-its-star-that-their-magnetic-fields-connect/
+== Astronomers Finally Pick Up Radio Signals From a Planet Beyond Our Solar System ==
+Sorry, it's not aliens.
+Passant Rabie - September 23, 2026, 4:55 pm ET
+For the first time, astronomers have detected radio signals from a planet beyond our solar system, according to a study available on the preprint server arXiv. The landmark observation offers a new way to study distant worlds and understand how they interact with their host stars and the environments that surround them.
+Radio signals can carry clues about a planet’s magnetic field and its interaction with the star it orbits—information that can be surprisingly difficult to tease out from the tiny amount of light reaching Earth. By detecting and studying these signals from exoplanets, scientists can begin to build a clearer picture of the extraordinary diversity of planetary systems across the galaxy.
+https://gizmodo.com/astronomers-finally-pick-up-radio-signals-from-a-planet-beyond-our-solar-system-2000816236
@@ Line 8987: / Line 9091: @@
+==== Communication ====
+== Blue Origin wins NASA contract for telecommunications on Mars ==
+Can you hear me now?
+Anna Washenko - Updated: Sept. 2, 2026 3:38 pm EST
+NASA announced today that it has awarded Blue Origin the contract to develop the Mars Telecommunications Network. The company has taken a deal worth potentially $700 million to create a high-performance Mars telecommunications orbiter for the agency by December 31, 2028. Once operational, the orbiter will transmit "science data, imagery, navigation information, and critical mission communications for spacecraft operating on and around the planet."
+The space agency is using its Artemis program to explore the moon. Progress has been slow but resulted in a successful human crewed mission earlier this year, and those missions will serve as preparation to eventually send astronauts to Mars. NASA will need more data as it continues to work toward that goal, so having a reliable way to send that information from the Red Planet to the Blue Dot will be essential.
+Blue Origin has already worked with the space agency, securing a contract to build lunar landers at the start of this year. In May, the company's New Glenn rocket program took a setback after a launchpad explosion, but Blue Origin's CEO claimed repairs on the launchpad would be done by the end of 2026.
+Read More: https://www.engadget.com/2249162/blue-origin-wins-nasa-contract-for-telecommunications-on-mars/
@@ Line 9457: / Line 9580: @@
+==== Mars Mission MSR ====
+== NASA’s Mars Sample Return mission is dead ==
+Congress backs Trump administration’s efforts to kill project that would ferry martian rocks to Earth
+Jan 20265:10 PM ET - Paul Voosen
+After years on life support, NASA’s plan to collect martian rocks and ferry them back to Earth has died. Yesterday, Congress released a compromise spending bill for the present financial year that backs the White House’s effort to kill the Mars Sample Return (MSR) program. Although the bill must be passed by both congressional chambers and signed into law, it effectively signals the end of MSR.
+The decision leaves in limbo planetary scientists’ top research objective and abandons, at least for now, several dozen rock cores collected by the Perseverance rover in anticipation that a future mission would rocket them into space. “This is deeply disappointing,” says Victoria Hamilton, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute and chair of NASA’s Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group. “When we’ve got memos coming out saying we want to be the dominant power in space, I wonder how we leave something this ambitious behind.”
+At the same time, the demise of MSR could open up spending for planetary projects that have stalled at NASA, such as two missions already selected for Venus and the development of a probe to Uranus. Those hopes received a shot in the arm with the compromise spending bill, which would budget $7.25 billion for NASA science—a 1% cut from the previous year, but far more than the White House’s proposal to slash the agency’s science budget in half.
+https://www.science.org/content/article/nasa-s-mars-sample-return-mission-dead
@@ Line 9669: / Line 9809: @@
 Samaneh Ansari [a Ph.D. student at Northwestern University and lead author on the new study] and her colleagues wanted to test the heat-trapping abilities of a substance Mars holds in abundance: dust. Martian dust is rich in iron and aluminum, which give it its characteristic red hue. But its microscopic size and roughly spherical shape are not conducive to absorbing radiation or reflecting it back to the surface. So the researchers brainstormed a different particle: using the iron and aluminum in the dust to manufacture 9-micrometer-long rods, about twice as big as a speck of martian dust and smaller than commercially available glitter. Ansari designed a simulation to test how these theoretical particles would interact with light. She found "unexpectedly huge effects" in how they absorbed infrared radiation from the surface and how they scattered that radiation back down to Mars — key factors that determine whether an aerosol particle creates a greenhouse effect.
 </blockquote>
+==== Volcano ====
+== Orbiter Detects Signs of Possible Volcanic Activity on Mars ==
+Posted by EditorDavid on Monday November 09, 2026 04:34AM
+Futurism reports:
+<blockquote>
+While many scientists have long held that Mars is "geologically dead" inside, new research is adding to the growing body of evidence to the contrary.
+As detailed in a new paper published in the journal Science Advances, an international team of researchers examined data collected by the European and Russian ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter in 2021, which found that Mars is slowly belching hydrogen chloride gas. The researchers suggest this gas is being released from hot magma deep beneath its surface after discovering intriguing new fissures along a massive volcano, indicating the planet may be geologically active after all — or at least it was until relatively recently.
+</blockquote>
+https://science.slashdot.org/story/26/11/09/0516221/orbiter-detects-signs-of-possible-volcanic-activity-on-mars
+==== Water / Ice ====
+== Scientists Thought Mars’s North Polar Ice Was 25% Dust. They Were Way Off ==
+Previous research pointed to copious amounts of dust atop the arctic Martian wasteland, but a clearer picture is coming into focus.
+Gayoung Lee - October 2, 2026, 4:00 pm ET
+When NASA’s Mars Phoenix mission successfully sampled ice from the Martian arctic regions, it made astrobiological history. This sample, along with others that followed, led scientists to realize that Martian ice was buried beneath a layer of dust—although they may have overestimated how dusty it was, new findings suggest.
+Using a combination of different datasets, scientists revisited the purported dustiness of Mars’s northern polar region, finding that the top layer of Martian polar ice was roughly 3% dust. This is significantly smaller than the previous estimate, 25%, an error that the researchers attribute to a calculation technique that was originally developed to study the lunar regolith. Specifically, the Martian north pole resembles an “ice-cream sandwich” with layers of dustier and older, cleaner ice that cycle throughout the seasons, the team explained in a statement. As a result, there is some variation in the amount of dust, but not as much as we believed. The findings were published in npj Space Exploration.
+https://gizmodo.com/scientists-thought-marss-north-polar-ice-was-25-dust-they-were-way-off-2000820946
@@ Line 9758: / Line 9931: @@
 https://gizmodo.com/dramatic-video-shows-the-closest-flyby-ever-of-mercury-2000498505
+== Scientists Drastically Underestimated How Much Mercury Has Shrunk ==
+A new estimate of Mercury's shrinkage shows that this planet may have contracted 10% to 30% more than previous research suggested.
+Ellyn Lapointe - September 10, 2026, 9:00 am ET
+Mercury, the littlest planet in our solar system (though Pluto apologists may beg to differ), is getting smaller by the day. In fact, it’s been slowly shriveling up ever since it formed roughly 4.5 billion years ago. A new analysis of its shrinkage, or “radial contraction,” throws earlier estimates into question.
+The findings, published today in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, suggest Mercury has shrunk a whopping 10% to 30% more than previous studies found. The new estimate equates to a loss of roughly 12 miles (19 kilometers) of total diameter since the planet formed.
+“Mercury’s radial contraction provided in previous works has been underestimated because of lack of consideration of recent geologies,” lead author Gaku Nishiyama, a planetary scientist at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Space Research, told Gizmodo in an email. By “recent geologies,” Nishiyama means geologically young impact craters and their ejected debris, which can obscure signs of the planet’s shrinkage.
+“Our study solved this point for the first time by using surface roughness of Mercury [to] successfully estimate how much radial contraction has been missed in previous works,” he explained.
+https://gizmodo.com/scientists-drastically-underestimated-how-much-mercury-has-shrunk-2000808810
@@ Line 10106: / Line 10297: @@
 https://science.slashdot.org/story/25/06/22/0358233/tiny-orange-beads-found-by-apollo-astronauts-reveal-moons-volcanic-past
+== A Strange Rock on the Moon’s Far Side May Help Solve a Decades-Old Magnetic Mystery ==
+If true, it means our satellite once had its own magnetic field—and lost it over the course of astronomical history.
+Gayoung Lee - September 23, 2026, 2:00 pm ET
+Today, the Moon has a very weak magnetic field—but did it always? This is something scientists have long debated. Some have theorized that the Moon did have its own magnetic field—a dynamo—some billions of years ago. Others disagree, saying the evidence doesn’t hold up. New observations from the Moon’s far side may finally settle the debate.
+A review of archived lunar observations discovered a large, strongly magnetized rock in the Dewar region on the far side of the Moon. According to a study published today in Science Advances, this rock, about 37 miles (60 kilometers) wide, is likely solidified magma that emerged from deep inside the Moon roughly 4.2 billion years ago. The Dewar crater also hosts a lunar swirl—bright, sinuous patterns—that often coincides with magnetic anomalies on the lunar surface. Coupled with gravitational, orbital, and magnetic measurements, the findings strongly support the presence of an internally generated magnetic field in the Moon’s earliest days.
+If true, the lunar magnetic field would have been around 11 microteslas, study co-authors Xi Yang and Anna Mittelholz told Gizmodo. (For context, Earth’s magnetic field today is around 50 microteslas.) “Dewar was a rare case where a magnetic anomaly, a gravity anomaly, and a surface swirl all coincide,” added Yang and Mittelholz, a PhD student and planetary scientist at ETH Zurich in Switzerland, respectively.
+https://gizmodo.com/moon-far-side-magnetic-rock-ancient-magnetic-field-2000816142
@@ Line 10716: / Line 10921: @@
 https://science.slashdot.org/story/24/01/06/2022236/neptune-is-much-less-blue-than-depictions
+== Something Beyond Neptune Is Going the Wrong Way Around the Sun. It May Not Be From Here ==
+Scientists believe a close encounter with Neptune may have sent the object into its backward orbit around the Sun.
+Passant Rabie - November 10, 2026, 9:40 am ET
+Deep in the outer reaches of the solar system, an unusual object is moving against the flow of cosmic traffic, cutting across the Sun’s orbital plane at a remarkably steep angle. Scientists aren’t sure exactly how it got there; either it was tossed into its unique trajectory by Neptune or it’s an interstellar visitor from another star system.
+The Rubin Observatory in Chile first spotted the object beyond the orbit of Neptune at a distance of approximately 3 billion miles (4.8 billion kilometers). While most planets, asteroids, and comets orbit the Sun in a relatively flat plane, this newly discovered object follows a retrograde path defined by a highly inclined orbit.
+It’s not yet clear whether this object, temporarily designated R631, is a rocky body or a volatile-rich comet, or how it ended up in this backward trajectory around the Sun.
+https://gizmodo.com/something-beyond-neptune-is-going-the-wrong-way-around-the-sun-it-may-not-be-from-here-2000837621
@@ Line 10978: / Line 11197: @@
 ===== Terra (Earth) =====
+== Early Earth Was a Molten, Asteroid-Blasted Hellscape. Scientists Now Know When That Changed ==
+A new study narrows the timeline for the emergence of life on Earth.
+Ellyn Lapointe - September 22, 2026, 11:00 am ET
+The question of life’s origins is a chicken-and-egg problem that is perhaps best explained by the ribosome. These tiny intercellular structures translate genes into proteins, a process essential to life. And yet, ribosomes themselves are made of proteins and RNA. So which came first, the ribosomes that make proteins, or the proteins that make ribosomes?
+In the early 1960s, the RNA world hypothesis emerged as an answer to this question. RNA is the single-stranded cousin of DNA, the molecule that contains the genetic information for cellular biology. Often called the “workhorse molecule” of cells, RNA can take three different forms to serve three different functions. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic instructions from DNA to protein-making ribosomes, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) helps make the ribosomes themselves, and transfer RNA (tRNA) synthesizes proteins from mRNA.
+The RNA world hypothesis suggests that life on Earth began with self-replicating RNA molecules. After all, RNA is much simpler than DNA, so it makes sense that it would appear first. In this scenario, the first single-celled lifeforms would have used RNA to both store genetic information and create other molecules. Today, cells split these tasks between DNA and RNA.
+https://gizmodo.com/early-earth-was-a-molten-asteroid-blasted-hellscape-scientists-now-know-when-that-changed-2000815377
+== Something Deep Inside Earth Keeps Messing With the Length of Our Days ==
+One Earth day rarely adds up to exactly 24 hours. Scientists found one (of many) reasons why.
+Gayoung Lee - September 23, 2026, 11:50 am ET
+For practical purposes, we say that one day—the time it takes for Earth to rotate once on its axis—equates to 24 hours. In reality, different factors across different timescales influence how quickly our planet turns, which scientists have yet to fully understand.
+But new findings, published today in Nature, may finally solve at least one of these outstanding mysteries, namely how Earth’s rotation changes every couple of decades. According to the study, the multidecadal changes in Earth’s behavior come from deep inside our planet. Three mechanisms—gravitational, electromagnetic, and topographic coupling—essentially compete with one another to speed up or slow down Earth’s rotation over several decades. Specifically, gravitational coupling, or a gravity “torque” between Earth’s inner core and mantle, creates tiny changes that are pushed back by the other two mechanisms, explained Huifeng Zhang, the study’s first author.
+“What I find particularly exciting is that these different pieces of information can come together to provide a more coherent picture of Earth’s deep interior, a region that is extremely difficult to observe directly,” Zhang, a PhD student at the University of Alberta in Canada, told Gizmodo.
+https://gizmodo.com/something-deep-inside-earth-keeps-messing-with-the-length-of-our-days-2000816070
 ==== Moon Formation ====
@@ Line 11036: / Line 11285: @@
 https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a65515974/why-earth-has-tilted-science/
+== Earth Tipped on Its Side During the Age of Dinosaurs—and Not Just Once ==
+When Earth tips over to restore its rotational balance, sea levels shift around the globe—episodes scientists have now traced to the age of dinosaurs.
+Gayoung Lee - October 1, 2026, 2:00 pm ET
+Earth is definitely not flat, but it’s not perfectly spherical, either. Due to its constant rotation, our Earth is closer to a squashed elliptoid. What this also means is that occasionally, the geographic locations of Earth’s north and south poles will wander across the planet’s surface as the solid Earth slowly rotates relative to its spin axis, so it appears as if the Earth tips over on its side. And this phenomenon may have had a greater impact on our planet’s environment than scientists thought.
+This wandering phenomenon is called true polar wander. According to a study published today in Science, some believed that true polar wander was “negligible or persistently slow.” However, the team behind the new work found that sizeable shifts in sea level patterns tended to align with suspected episodes of rapid true polar wander, namely during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. The researchers arrived at this conclusion via a new method to study true polar wander using ancient sea-level changes, which highlights the underappreciated influence of this phenomenon on the global environment. Although “rapid” true polar wander episodes still played out over millions of years, their impact on Earth’s environment may be more significant than previously believed, according to the paper.
+https://gizmodo.com/earth-tipped-on-its-side-during-the-age-of-dinosaurs-and-not-just-once-2000820281
@@ Line 11761: / Line 12022: @@
 https://gizmodo.com/4-body-problem-astronomers-spot-the-most-tightly-packed-quadruple-star-system-yet-2000728811
+==  Astronomers Discover the First Green Star ==
+Posted by BeauHD on Saturday October 17, 2026 12:00AM
+Astronomers have identified what may be the first genuinely green star, a white dwarf called WD J1330+6435 located about 326 light-years from Earth. Space.com reports:
+<blockquote>
+The researchers found that some dead star white dwarfs can go a little green around the gills after snacking on orbiting planets. An example of this is WD J1330+6435, a cool white dwarf located around 326 light-years away, which has been accreting rocky material from a planetary companion. This has enriched its atmosphere with calcium, lithium, and sodium, and the team's model suggests this would have led WD J1330+6435 to adopt a green hue.
+[...] The researchers think that no other star, living or dead, has ever been credibly reported as green. That makes WD J1330+6435 the first known genuinely green star. "The traces of sodium in the atmosphere of this white dwarf absorb the orange part of the spectrum, leaving behind a ghostly green glow," Hollands said. "Imagine standing on a planet and looking up at a green star. It feels like something out of science fiction."
+</blockquote>
+https://science.slashdot.org/story/26/10/17/0011226/astronomers-discover-the-first-green-star
@@ Line 12054: / Line 12329: @@
 https://gizmodo.com/astronomers-found-the-suns-missing-silver-hiding-in-plain-sight-2000787743
+== The Sun’s Death Could Tear Apart the Outer Solar System Much Sooner Than Thought ==
+“The Sun’s death is not an event the planets will quietly survive—it is the trigger for their orbital undoing.”
+Gayoung Lee - October 14, 2026, 10:05 am ET
+Our Sun is just like any other star. That is, eventually the Sun will run out of fuel and effectively collapse—taking out, presumably, most things in our neighborhood. That won’t pose a problem for those of us alive right now, but for those of you who still care: Scientists think the doomsday for outer planets might come earlier than expected.
+New calculations indicate that, once the Sun transforms into a white dwarf some 7 to 8 billion years from now, the outer solar system has roughly 1 billion years left—much lower than previous estimates ranging from 100 billion to a whopping 1 quintillion years, according to a recent study published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters. The latter number was so large as it assumed the Sun would lose its mass in a relatively smooth manner, Konstantin Batygin, the study’s first author, explained to Gizmodo. In reality, the Sun’s death will likely be bumpier, which introduces more chaos to the equation.
+“What we’ve shown is that this timeline [of 1 quintillion years] gets front-run by the Sun’s own death,” said Batygin, an astrophyscist at the California Institute of Technology. “Because planetary dynamics is chaotic—exhibiting sensitive dependence on initial conditions—no single simulation tells you what will happen, only what could happen.”
+https://gizmodo.com/the-suns-death-could-tear-apart-the-outer-solar-system-much-sooner-than-thought-2000825606